2) If I had a million pounds, I would buy a luxurious detached house with a large swimming pool.

3) You needn’t feel lonely. If I were you, I would be happy having such a united family.

4) You shouldn’t look down on people living in small towns and villages. If I were you, I would remember that my mother came from a small village near Moscow.

8) It’s raining. I would stay if you could treat me to a cap of hot strong tea (or if you had no objection).

9) I long for fresh country air. If only I could get away from the city, I would spend about a month somewhere in the depths of the forest.

1) If Sonny’s brother hadn’t read in the paper that Sonny had been arrested, he might have never learnt about Sonny’s troubles.

2) If Sonny hadn’t used and peddled heroin, he wouldn’t have been taken to prison.

3) If the circumstances had been different, Sonny wouldn’t have used and peddled heroin and his life-style could have been more healthy.

4) If Sonny hadn’t been homesick, he wouldn’t have wanted to visit the places of his childhood.

5) If Sonny’s brother hadn’t been anxious for Sonny, he wouldn’t have paid any attention to Sonny’s troubles

6) If it hadn’t been for Isabel’s open and easy manner, Sonny would have felt ill at ease at his brother’s place.

7) If Isabel hadn’t been genuinely glad to see Sonny, she wouldn’t have done her best to make him be at ease (or feel easier).

-- Trafalgar Square is the natural centre of London. Could we but stand 168 feet above the traffic, beside the figure of the Admiral, we really could see all the great landmarks of London. -- Whitehall which opens into the square to the south, is the site of many Government offices including -- Prime Minister’s residence, the Foreign Office, the War Office, etc. At -- Whitehall beside the Thames stand the Houses of Parliament with the Big Ben Clock Tower, and -- Westminster Abbey, to the left -- Covent Garden Opera House and beyond the Bank of England; another slight turn to the left would enable our eye to fall on the British Museum; further left still we should see the theatreland around -- Piccadilly Circus and those expensive shopping promenades: -- Oxford Street, -- Regent Street, -- Bond Street; a little further -- Hyde Park and -- Buckingham Palace would come into -- view, and the Royal Drive known as the Mall which leads into -- Trafalgar Square.

1) If we go from Hyde Park Corner along Piccadilly we shall soon come to Piccadilly Circus.

2) In 1815 The British Army under Wellington’s command defeated Napoleon’s army at Waterloo.

3) The old town that stood until the Great Fire in 1666 was surrounded by a wall. Inside the wall the streets were lined with wooden houses. The streets were roughly paved with stones.

4) In the middle of Trafalgar Square stands Nelson’s Monument, a tall column with the figure of (the Admiral) Nelson at its top.

The scene is laid in the black district of New York called Harlem to which Sonny, a black teenager, came back after a long imprisonment. The main characters are Sonny and his brother, the narrator of the story. Sonny is an ex-convict who once came to nothing using drugs. He was arrested for peddling and using heroin and spent many years in the jail. Then he came out and went to see his brother’s family in New York.

Sonny was a sweet kid, gentle and soft, but mostly left to his own devices. His brother was too old to become his friend but he obviously loved Sonny. He learnt from a newspaper about Sonny’s arrest and was shocked. But his own deep grief he felt after his daughter’s death made him write to Sonny. When he heard back from Sonny his attitude towards Sonny changed greatly. He became more attentive to Sonny and did his best to support Sonny in prison. It was not easy for both of them to meet each other after so many years of separation, but the warm and comfortable atmosphere in brother’s family made them feel glad and closer to each other.

3) Sonny’s brother can’t believe Sonny’s arrest as he remembers Sonny as a nice boy.

4) Sonny’s brother begins to wonder about Sonny and the life Sonny lives inside.

Sonny’s brother learnt from a newspaper that Sonny had been sent to jail for peddling and using heroin. He just couldn’t believe it as he remembered Sonny as a good boy. After a tragedy in his family, Sonny’s brother began to wonder about Sonny and Sonny’s life. When Sonny came back to New York from his imprisonment, his brother tried to become closer to Sonny. He met Sonny at the station and took Sonny to his place. Sonny’s brother introduced Sonny to his family and a friendly atmosphere made Sonny feel as a member of the family.

a) Study the difference between these verbs: to know, to learn, to find out.

2.16. Dwell on the polysemy of these words: to hit, vivid, anxious. State the meaning in which they were used in the story:

To hit means to deal a blow or to strike a blow with a missile or weapon, to come to collision, to come to light, to cause smb. to suffer. In the text it means “to get to Lenox Avenue, to reach it”.

Vivid means extremely bright, distinct or “intense”, “vigorous”, “spirited”, “realistic”, “perceived intensely and clearly by the senses”, “forming clear and strong mental images”, “active”. In the text it is used in the meaning “bright” and “lively”.

Anxious means “full of anxiety or uneasiness concerning something in the future or unknown”, “causing anxiety”, “strongly wishing”. In the text it means “eager”, “desirous”.

Квартира	Flat, apartment	Опуститься	To go down; to descend; to come down; to come to nothing; to fall; to degrade; to let oneself go; to go to seed; to go to pieces
Жилой дом	A block of flats, dwelling house, apartment house	Скованный	Uneasy, stiff
Деловой район	downtown	Смущенный	embarrassed; abashed,
Грязные улицы	Badly-kept (dirty) streets	Настоящий	true, real, genuine
Тенистые, хорошо мощеные улицы	Shady, well-paved streets	Яркий (оживленный)	Vivid, lively
Газоны и клумбы	Lawns (grass-plots) and flower-beds	Поддерживать отношения	To keep in touch (with)
Живая изгородь	quickset/green hedge	Наркомания	Drug addiction
Зелень парка	The green of the park	Избежать ловушки	To escape the trap
Открытый (взгляд, характер)	Open, dired	Избежать несчастья	To avoid disaster To escape trouble

Игровая площадка	Playground	Выяснить	To find out
Играть во что-либо	To play (at)	Жилые дома	blocks of flats, dwelling houses, apartment houses
Не мог не беспокоиться	Couldn’t help worrying, couldn’t help feeling anxious, couldn’t but worry	Заставить кого-либо что-то сделать	To make smb. do smth.
Возвышаться над чем-либо	To tower (above, over); to raise (above); to dominate	Сделать что-либо от злости (из любопытства)	To do smth. out of malice (curiosity)

To steal	Stole – stolen – stealing	To shake	Shook – shaken – shaking
To fall	Fell – fallen – falling	To trap	Trapped – trapped – trapping
To forget	Forgot – forgotten – forgetting	To feel	Felt – felt – feeling
To fill	Filled – filled – filling	To catch	Caught – caught – catching
To lie	Lay – lain – lying	To lay	Laid – laid – laying
To hide	Hid – hidden – hiding	To drive	Drove – driven – driving
To find	Found – found – finding	To die	Died – died – dying

2.20. Make verbs by means of the verb-forming suffix “-en” or prefix “en-”:

Wide	widen	Deep	deepen
Broad	broaden	Red	redden
Length	lengthen	Circle	encircle
Rich	enrich	Large	enlarge
Slave	enslave	Cage	encage

2.22. Analyse the morphological structure of the compound adjective “badly-kept”. Give other compound words built on the same pattern. Here are the verbs you can use:

Well-illuminated, well-lit, badly-paved, well-laid out, newly-built, poorly-made, well-done

2.33. Draw character sketches of Sonny, his brother and the brother’s wife. Turn to the text for facts and proofs and use sentences of unreal condition e.g.: If he hadn’t been anxious for his fate he wouldn’t have done it (said it):

1) Sonny’s brother seems to be a person of integrity; but he has a smart part of selfishness and it makes him act as a mere person. If he hadn’t been selfish, he would have paid attention to his brother, and Sonny might have escaped the troubles. It Sonny’s brother had been more understanding, Sonny might not have come to nothing. And if his daughter hadn’t died, he might have never written to Sonny in prison. Sonny’s brother seems to be too taciturn. If he hadn’t been such he wouldn’t have been so restrained expressing his feelings for Sonny.

2) Sonny seems to be a good boy, with a vulnerable soul and deep feelings. But he was left to his own devices for a long time. And it made him too taciturn. His love of music drove him away from his brother. If Sonny hadn’t fallen into bad company he wouldn’t have had a lot of troubles. But perhaps it was for the better. If he hadn’t been sent to jail his brother wouldn’t have written to him. If Sonny hadn’t come back to his brother he wouldn’t have found a family.

3) Isabel seems to be a nice woman with a sweet temper. She is very vivid. If she hadn’t been so kind to Sonny after his returning from his imprisonment he wouldn’t have felt so easy in his brother’s family.

3.4.(3) Do you believe that there will be no homeless people in the 21st century?

A great amount of fantastic novels describe the life in the 21^st century as a certain likeness to some kind of a paradise. There is no place for poverty and troubles, and everybody is happy. But that’s only a dream or some sort of a fairy-tale. And, speaking of the 21^st century, I want to say that there are not any distinctive features from our time. Moreover, a lot of problems will redouble in a short time. The main problems are unemployment and waifs. Each day more people are born than die. The urban population is growing, and more and more people are in need of shelter. The demand for adequate housing exceeds the supply though national governments and international agencies begin to make appropriate plans and try to do their best to solve the problems. But it takes a lot of time.

Besides we must think of victims of earthquakes, floods and hurricanes. Each year natural disasters and wars leave a great number of people homeless. That’s the reason that makes me think that there won’t be less homeless people in the 21^st century.

1) What is better – a detached, a semi-detached, a terraced house or a block of flats?

In my opinion, a detached house is better, especially with a garden and a swimming pool near it. I prefer to live in solitude.

I prefer a detached house because of its comfort. I don’t like depending on the neighbours in my habits and private life.

As far as I can judge, there are no terraced houses in this country. I think it’s because of cold weather in this region. But it is my own opinion.

I think that the rent in a council house is lower, than in a private one, so council houses are available for almost all layers of society.

5) What would you rather have – a four-room council flat or a small detached house? Why?

I’d rather have a small detached house because of its comfort. I don’t like depending on the neighbours in my habits and private life. Moreover, I prefer to arrange my home to my taste, but in case of a council flat it may be difficult.

6) Where do your parents spend their weekends – in a country house, in a weekend house or in a summer house?

My parents prefer to spend their weekends in a country house, as my mother likes walking in the forest and my father has nothing left to do but follow her.

Creative Tasks

This proverb traces to its roots to the deep past. At that time a dwelling was used for creating favourable conditions for human life. It was a defence from natural phenomenon, wild and dangerous creatures and other enemies. First dwellings were caves, which were developed with available comfort at that time.

A dwelling, in its modern meaning as a house, was used as a defence from enemies in Ancient Sumer (about 4000 BC), the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The Sumerian built their houses without an entrance from a ground floor. The Sumerian used stepladders. It allowed them to defend against their enemies more efficiently.

In Ancient Greece appeared palace-houses - large settlements, located in one big building. As an example we can take up Knossos Palace or Festos Palace on the Crete, or Mycenae in Greece. They were dwellings-refuges, people used them as a house with a storehouse and temples. At that time the main features of later European dwellings-refuges (or castles) formed. The castles in France, Germany, Hungary and other country had these features. These castles were gravity structures surrounded by walls. The castles had different supplies inside: water, food, and weapon, it allowed withstanding a siege.

In the middle of the XVII century the defence functions of the castles were lost.

The times of the castles have gone and now the proverb means that houses give to people some kind of defence from natural phenomena and some sort of moral defence from stresses which are outside. We can arrange our house to our taste, we can return there after a long hard working day and have a sweet rest being surrounded by our favourite things. There we can hide ourselves from different troubles and stresses, our neighbours, and natural phenomena, in other words, from “the enemies” which are outside.

So, the meaning of the proverb remains almost the same and differs from the former meaning only by the characters of enemies.

II. Describe in detail one of the places of interest in London (See Part 11) – 10 sentences:

The oldest and most famous of London’s great churches, Westminster Abbey was founded about AD 730 and rebuilt on a larger scale in the 11th century. The current structure, however, is largely a 13th- and 14th-century rebuilding of the church originally consecrated by Edward the Confessor in 1065. Edward the Confessor was buried in the Abbey in 1066. The west towers were added in the eighteenth century.

All but two British monarchs have been crowned in the Abbey since the coronation of Harold I in 1066. One of the greatest treasures of the Abbey is the oaken Coronation Chair made in 1300.

The church holds the tombs of most English monarchs, including Queen Elizabeth I and her sister, “Bloody Mary”; Mary, Queen of Scots; Henrys III, V, and VII; Richard II and his wife, Anne of Bohemia; and many other legendary members of royalty. Various tombs and memorials also honour poets, politicians, and British war heroes. The Abbey is also known for its Poet’s Corner, where the greatest English writers are buried.

III. Advertise your home city/town/place as if you were a guide – 15 sentences:

In 1703 Peter the Great drove the Swedes from their settlement on the River Neva delta and founded St Petersburg on this site. He envisioned his new city as Russia’s “window into Europe”, through which it could quickly modernise. Tsar Peter moved the capital of the Russian Empire from Moscow to St Petersburg in 1712. Except for brief periods, it was home to Russia’s tsars and nobility for 200 years. The city quickly became Russia’s primary seaport and manufacturing region and an important link to Europe and the rest of the world.

Today, St Petersburg is Russia’s second largest city, its most important port, and a major manufacturing centre. Its many bridges span canals and waterways, which endure because of the city’s lowland position in the delta. The city’s main boulevard is Nevsky Prospekt.

St Petersburg is a centre of culture and is home to some of Russia’s finest architecture.

The Hermitage houses one of the world’s greatest collections of art, which has expanded into the beautiful Winter Palace. Catherine the Great founded The Hermitage as a private gallery for her art collection, and it adjoins the Winter Palace in St Petersburg. After the Revolution of 1917, the State Hermitage Museum and its imperial collection became the property of the Russian people. Today, the collection is housed in five buildings, including the Winter Palace. The Hermitage contains European paintings dating from the Middle Ages, a representative assortment of Russian art, and an extensive collection of Asian art.

St Petersburg’s Bronze Horseman statue honours Peter the Great, the city’s founder, in Decembrists’ Square. In the background, the gilded cupola of St Isaac’s Cathedral rises above the trees. Because of Peter the Great’s vision of a great new city; many beautiful and architecturally significant structures grace the streets of this former Russian capital.

The Kazan Cathedral, just recently returned to the Russian Orthodox Church after serving as the Communist Museum of Atheism, stands as an example of extravagant architecture and changing times.

St Petersburg’s architectural wealth and its setting on the delta of the Neva River make it one of the loveliest cities in Europe. The city, sometimes called “The Venice of the North,” was originally built on islands of the delta and on the adjoining mainland. Marshy areas between the islands have since been filled in. St Petersburg’s many waterways and bridges, along with its impressive architecture, impart a distinctive flavour to the city.